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222 Test: AUDLEGWEBB-3773 - English resume Test: AUDLEGWEBB-3773 - English resume Test: AUDLEGWEBB-3773 - English resume Test: AUDLEGWEBB-3773 - English resume

The net profit of the system in 2018 was €12.4 billion, the highest since 2009. The key factors affecting the results were cost control and lower provisions. The deleveraging of the private sector continues and the level of NPLs maintains its downward trend. Efficiency and profitability improved compared to 2017 levels.

The quarterly earnings obtained in 3Q18 by the system (4,033 million euros) was the highest since the third quarter of 2009. In the first nine months of the year, earnings were 10,685 million euros versus losses of 4,961 million in the same period of 2017, a period in which the resolution of Banco Popular had an impact.

Real estate fluctuations have important implications for growth and business cycles in China. We investigate how vulnerable are four economic sectors including government, banking, enterprises and households to the prospective price slowdown in the housing market by analyzing the exposure of these sectors on the housing market and conduct a stress test on these sectors.

Financial dollarization exposes countries to shocks which can trigger severe financial and economic problems. This note describes a few successful country experiences of de-dollarization. A key lesson is that macroeconomic stability and particularly price stability and low inflation is a pre-condition for starting a successful de-dollarization process.

In early 2017, retail banking activities represented 30% of EU banks’ balance sheet. The crisis triggered an increase in the orientation of banks towards their core banking activities. Driven by market forces and new regulation, retail deposits expanded from 22% of the balance sheet to almost 30%.